20.04.2017

Сборник заданий для курса по выбору по английскому языку «Теория и практика перевода»

для обучающихся профильных групп 10-11 классов

(Косикова Светлана Сергеевна, учитель английского языка высшей квалификационной категории)

Предпереводческий анализ текста

Задание для обучающихся:

Выполните предпереводческий анализ следующих текстов по данному плану:

1.     Определите стиль текста.

2.     Сформулируйте тему текста.

3.     Назовите финального адресата (реципиента).

4.     Определите источник текста.

5.      Выясните, каково соотношение когнитивной, эстетической и эмоциональной информации в тексте.

6.     Сформулируйте коммуникативное задание текста.

Text 1

 

Jensen Toys Ltd Box 1376 Oslo NORWAY 20 May 19XX Woodex 20/54 Tartu Rd EE302 Keila ESTONIA   Dear Sirs:   We visited your stand at the Montreal International Trade Fair some weeks ago were very impressed by your wooden toys. Please send us by return a catalogue and a price list of your toys, your terms of payment and delivery and, if possible, some samples of the toys. We are looking forward to reciving your quotation.   Yours faithfully For Jansen Toys Ltd   L.Nilssen Liv Nilssen (Mr) Chief Buyer

Перевод текстов различных стилей

Text 2

The Teacher

Catherine Lim

‘Look’, said the teacher to the colleague who was sitting beside him in the staffroom. ‘Look at this composition writing by a student in Secondary Four. She’s supposed to have had ten years of studying English, and see what she’s written! I’ll read it to you. The title of the composition is “My Happiest Day”.’

The teacher read, pausing at those parts which he wanted his colleague to take particular note of: ”My happiest day it is on that 12 July. I will tell you of that happiest day. My father wanted me to help him in his cakes stall to sell cakes and earn money. He say I must leave school and stay home and help him. My younger brother and sisters they are too young to work so they can go to school. My mother is too sick and weak as she just born a baby. “ Can anything be more atrocious than this? And she’s going to sir for her exams in three months’ time! And listen to this:

“I was very sad because I don’t like to sell cakes I like learn in school. But I am scare my father he will beat me if I disobeyed him so I cannot say anything to him. He ask me to tell my principal of my school that I am not going to learn any more. I was scare my principal will ask me questions. Lucky my mother came home from the hospital where she born the baby, and my mother say to my father that I should learn in school and become nurse later. So I can earn more money. Sell cakes not earn so much money. She begged my father and at last my father agree. I think he agree because he was in good mood. If in bad mood like drunk he will beat my mother my mother up and make no need to stop learning in school. And that was the happiest day in my life which I shall never forget.”

The teacher said slowly and thoughtfully, ‘I wonder why most of them write like that? Day in, day out, we teach grammar and usage. For my part, I’ve taught them the use of the Tenses till I’m blue in the face, but I still get awful mistakes such as the ones heard just now.’

A week later, the teacher was correcting composition exercises in the staffroom again. And again he dropped his head into his hands in despair . It was a different colleague sitting beside him this time. He showed her a page from an exercise book and said: ‘What do you think of this as a specimen of Secondary Four Composition? I give up! I resign!’

‘Ah, they’re all like that,’ sighed his colleague in sympathy. ‘You should see the grammar mistakes I get from my Pre-University students, mind you, Pre-University.’

The teacher read the lines that had given him most pain. ‘Now look at this: “I would like is become a nurse and successful career so I have a lot of money with luxuries, “– by the way, I had asked them to write on “My Ambition” – “so I can buy a house for my mother and brother and sisters” – this is the only sentence in the whole compositions that is correct grammatically. Listen to this one, can you make anything of it? “and my favorite ambition I must strive very hard if I have no ambition to help my mother and brothers and sisters they is sure to suffer for my father he don’t care at all everytime come back from selling cakes only he must drink and spend all money on drinks and sometimes he beats my mother.” It’s that Tan Geok Feng from Secondary Four C, you know that timid, mousy-looking girl who looks ready to faint in fright the moment you call her to answer a questions. You know’ I’m getting very worried about the standard of English in my class. I think Tan Geok Feng and the likes of her need pass the exams. Three months away, I tell them. Just three months in which to polish up your grammar and vocabulary, and write the first decent composition in your life!’

Text 3

China urges end to high-tech ban

China yesterday urged the US to lift sanctions on exports of US nuclear power equipment.

The removal of US sanctions on high technology products would benefit American companies barred from saving China’s fast-growing market and reduce the rising trade deficit between the two countries, say Beijing officials.

The ban on US exports of certain high-tech goods, imposed in 1989 has opened the Chinese market to rival equipment suppliers.

Washington officials have said they are considering the issue, but have signaled that they are not immediately ready to lift the ban. For would have to certify a 1985 nuclear co-operation agreement designed to halt the proliferation of nuclear weapons to non-weapons countries.

Перевод текстов различных стилей

Задания для обучающихся:

Упражнение 1: Сопоставьте первый английский текст с русским и определите способ перевода и условия для его выбора. Примените аналогичный способ перевода ко второму английскому тексту.

Text 1. Marks & Spencer

       Dear Sir: I have many items purchased at Marks & Spencer by my peripatetic businessman father, including some beautiful clothes and a fold-up umbrella. Ah, the umbrella! It has never broken, inverted, failed to open or been mislaid without being recognized as mine and returned to me. Having had it for about four years, I call that unusual life span a testimony to British ingenuity.

        If Mrs. Thatcher ever decides to hand over the government to Marks & Spencer, I may emigrate and change my nationality. Or maybe we could import some M&S managers to run our government!

                                                                             Barbara Pilvin

                                                                             Philadelphia

     Перевод:

Барбара Пилвин из Филадельфии в своем письме рассказывает о своем восхищении торговой фирмой Marks & Spencer, ссылаясь на пример купленного у них зонта, который вот уже много лет не ломается, не заворачивается при ветре, не заедает и не теряется, что свидетельствует, по ее мнению, о подлинно Британском качестве. Переходя на политические темы, Барбара уверяет, M & S могли бы возглавить хоть британское, хоть американское правительство.

Text 2.

      Dear Sir: Last summer, as we hosted a city child through the Fresh Air Fund, a garter snake appeared in our woodpile. Geraldo had never seen a snake. Fascinated, he stood just a foot or so away, watching the snake as it warmed in the sunlight. There aren’t any snakes in the urban South Bronx. Gerry murmured that he’d like to catch this snake and put it in a bottle to keep. I replied that I’m opposed to caging wild animals. Gerry looked at me, bug-eyed and gasped,  ‘That’s a wild animal?’

                                                            Rhu M. McBee

                                                            Brewster, New York

Упражнение 2: Переведите текст, учитывая  особенности газетного стиля.

Thunder Bay cops charge Can Car line (By Paul Pugh)

Thunder Bay – City police charged a peaceful  picket of 150 outside to strikebound Hawker-Siddely Canada Car plant here August 20 arresting 11 and injuring four.

Spokesman for the United Auto Workers local 1075 George Rousnik told the Tribune the police charged the line without provocation, kicking and punching the pickets and rossing several into police vans.

The workers responded by setting up a picket around city hall demanding an investigation into the police action. The city intervened and the arrested were released without bail.

The union had beefed up their picket lines that had been limited to 18 by an injunction, to protest the carrying out of work by management personnel.

The 21-week old strike by 1200 workers at this producer of railway cars had been fought over wage. The workers were locked into low wages by the Anti-Inflation Board and were limited to only a cost-of-living-allowance in their last contract, which expired Dec.30.

Эквивалентность в переводе. Безэквивалентная лексика

Задания для обучающихся:

Упражнение 1: Найдите английские соответствия следующим лексическим единицам. Прокомментируйте свой выбор при переводе.

Баба-Яга                                                Субару

Хоббит                                                  Форд Мустанг

Гоблин                                                   Отель Хилтон

Кощей Бессмертный                            Гаага

Земноморье                                           Капитолий

Лихолесье                                              Метрополитен

Чернозем                                               Ноу-хау

Дума                                                       Сарафан

Соборность                                           Валенки

Погост                                                    Дисплей

Пекин                                                     Роза ветров            

Бурят                                                      Дед Мороз

Чукча                                                      Колхоз

Ханты

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, найдя наиболее точное эквивалентное соответствие выделенным словам.

1. Круглый отвес, круглый сирота, круглый дурак, круглый год, круглые сутки, круглая сумма.

     2. Глубокая ночь, глубокая тарелка, глубокая шахта, глубокая рана, глубокая мысль, глубокая осень, глубокая старость, глубокая древность, глубокий сон.

     3. Первое сентября, первый полет, первый шаг, первый ряд, первое блюдо, первая помощь.

     4. Злой человек, злая улыбка, злой умысел, злая шутка, злая судьба, злая насмешка, злые языки.

     5. Живое существо, живая природа живой организм, живой нрав, живая беседа, живые глаза, живая действительность, живое воображение, живой вес, живая рана, живой уголок.

Упражнение 3. Следующие словосочетания представляют собой особую область текстов – сказки. Рассмотрите разные варианты их перевода и объясните какие информационные потери несет текст. Выберите оптимальные варианты.

                Змей Горыныч

                Once upon a time

                Баба Яга, Костяная нога

                Headless Boggard

                Кощей Бессмертный

                Tom Tit Tot

                В тридевятом царстве, в тридесятом государстве

                A Cure for a Fairy

                Избушка на курьих ножках

                The Headley Kow

                Жили-были старик со старухой

                Jacky-my-Lantern

                Мальчик-с-пальчик

                A Pottle of Brains

               Иван-дурак

Упражнение 4:  Переведите следующие имена и фамилии с помощью транскрипции и транслитерации.

          Evelyn Waugh                           Mark Twain

          Somerset Maugham                   William Thackeray

          Bernard Shaw                             Jerome K. Jerome

          Theodore Dreiser                       John Fowles

          John Galsworthy                        Jerome D. Salinger

          George Byron                             Harper Lee

Ложные эквиваленты

Список некоторых английских слов, созвучных русским словам иностранного происхождения, но отличающиеся от них по значению:

Accuracy, n    - точность, а не аккуратность

Accurate, a     - точный, а не аккуратный

Audience, n   - аудитория, слушатели, публика (реже аудиенция)

Brilliant, a      - блестящий, сверкающий ( а не бриллиант)

Contribution, n – вклад в дело, взнос, содействие (значение возмещения ущерба, которое вкладывается русскими в слово контрибуция, передается в английском языке словом indemnities)

Data, n          - данные, сведения (а не дата)

Decade,   n    - десятилетие (не декада)

Delicate, a    - изящный, хрупкий, тонкий (о работе); затруднительный (о положении); чувствительный (о приборе); (редко деликатный)

Dutch, a       - голландский (а не датский)

Instance, n    - пример (а не инстанция)

List, n          - список, перечень (а не лист)

Magazine, n - журнал, склад боеприпасов (а не магазин)

Manufacture, n – изготовление, производство (а не мануфактура)

Momentum, n – инерция, толчок, импульс (а не момент как мгновение)

Person, n       - лицо, человек

Personal, a     - личный (но не персонал)

Pretend, v      - делать вид, притворяться (в значении претендовать почти не употребляется)

Principal, a    - главный (а не принципиальный)

Production, n – производство, выработка, добыча (угля, руды)

Prospect, n     - перспектива, изыскание (а не проспект)

Realize, v      - осуществлять, ясно представлять себе (редко реализовывать) 

Задания для обучающихся:

Упражнение 1. Прокомментируйте толкование английского слова в тех значениях, которые расходятся со значениями его русского аналога.

1.          Pilot a) No ship is allowed to enter a port without a pilot.

               b) He was my pilot through many expeditions.

2.          Academic а) The argument supplied by the opposition was purely academic and failed to convince anyone with a practical mind.

3.          Extravagant a) We mustn’t buy roses – it is too extravagant in winter.

                              b) The young woman was a very extravagant person- she                                                                                          

                                 never cared to look at the price when she bought things.

4. Actual a) it is an actual fact, I haven’t invented it.

                b) What is the actual state of affairs?

5. Scandal a) it’s no good repeating scandal about your close friend.

                  b) Society people usually enjoy a bit of scandal.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, стараясь не попасть в «ловушку» для переводчика.

a.     She has a very fine complexion.

b.     The logic and strategy behind the U. S. Administration proposals were that the country might, over time, be willing to reduce drastically, perhaps someday to eliminate, its garrisons on this territory.

c.      The work is done accurately.

d.     In the highly unsanitary conditions of the little African village every minor disease may prove fatal.

e.      Well, he must be a lunatic.

f.       Caroline was a dedicated athlete. Her elder sister nicknamed her “Miss Wimbledon”.

g.     This is a literal translation of the text.

h.     Prices have risen steadily during the past decade.

i.       This boy is very intelligent.

j.       He was a young man of about eighteen, tall and well-built, but with a sallow complexion which suggested poor health.

Упражнение 3: Из приведенных ниже слов выделите те лексические единицы, которые могут быть истолкованы ошибочно и являются «ложными друзьями переводчика».

Accurate, family, academic, magazine, occupant, commission, demonstration, intelligent, post, plot, principle, principal, curse, personal, data, original, decade, affair, ballet, drama, cable, pilot, attack, student, figure.

Упражнение 4: Переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на слова, выделенные жирным шрифтом. Среди них вам могут встретиться и «ложные друзья переводчика».

1.     Caroline was a dedicated athlete. Her elder sister nicknamed her “Miss Wimbledon”.

2.     She has a very fine complexion.

3.     Eddie was convinced that body-building exercises could turn any weakling into an athlete.

4.     The work is done accurately.

5.     The recent government crisis has brought about a reshuffle of the Cabinet.

6.     Well, he must be a lunatic.

7.     Mrs. Leary was proud of her collection of fine china which was displayed in two walnut cabinets in her parluor.

8.     This is a literal translation of the text.

9.     It was obvious that the collection of fine china which was heavily guarded by the German troops was definitely not a mere accident but an act of sabotage.

10.                      This boy is very intelligent.

11.                      The deliberate disregard for the administration’s instructions on the part of the staff was nothing but sabotage.

12.                      He was a young man of about eighteen, tall and wellbuilt, but with a sallow complexion which suggested poor health.

13.                      By the time the expedition was reached by the rescue party the men had run out of food and had been living for several days on biscuits and water.

14.                      In the highly unsanitary conditions of the little African village every minor disease may prove fatal.

  Переводческие трансформации

Задания для обучающихся:

Упражнение 1:

Переведите следующие предложения, используя метод переводческих трансформаций.

Структурная трансформация

1. The industrial action kept many trade union leaders awake last night.

2. Managerial economics is considered to be principally concerned with decision-making techniques for managers.

3. Large corporations are known to pursue the goal of maximizing profits.

4. Privatization is sure to be opposed by many of the employees who fear a loss of their jobs.

5. No essential results having been obtained, the experimentations had to do some more experiments.

Частеречная трансформация

1.Cities of Islamic world are a great tourist attraction.

2. The past will be an important determinant of future events.

3. The instrument shows the time digitally.

4. Much work is being conducted into community perceptions of roads.

5. Ironically, that union backed his candidature by using the sort of tactics, which earlier was being criticized by the union.

Конкретизирующая трансформация

1. They arrived in two police Land Rovers. One by one 11 men climbed out of the vehicles.

2. Searching for lower labor coasts many VS companies moved their manufacturing to Asia.

3. Professional managers shift with great ease and with no apparent loss in effectiveness from one industry to another.

4. These bitter rivals have their eyes not on the coming parliamentary election but on the presidential election due in 2007.

5. Fiat Auto has structured it supply chain with long-term contracts to other bits of the Fiat conglomerate, such as Marelli, Terstid and Comau.

Метонимическая трансформация

2.     The multi-lingual, multi-cultural Euromanager is hot property. International headhunters will go to almost any lengths to track them down.

3.     Road builders create so-called road-humps, which punish excessive speed.

4.     The manager seems to know all of his customers on a first-name basis.

5.     These managers are caught up in a love affair with their product and fail to appreciate that the market may be less “turned on”.

Антонимическая трансформация

2.     Don’t let your resources drain away. Pull them.

3.      Risk in business is never far away.

4.      His immediate relatives prevented him from withdrawing any money from the bank account.

5.     To emphasize that this was Gordon’s choice Mr. Whelan said he was going to enter the Cabinet as First Secretary of the Treasury.

Целостная трансформация

1. Thousands of business books are published every year. Yet not keeping up with those books could be a serious mistake.

2. The transportation, electronics and consumer goods divisions have been in the red for several years.

3. In Poland general managers are paid a fixed salary while their counterparts in Hungary tend to be offered success-based compensation.

4. Differences in taxation are proving to be a thorn in the side of the European Community.

5. The unmanning of industrial lines requires a high level of automation.

Перевод фразеологических единиц

Задания для обучающихся:

Упражнение 1. Определите, к какому типу соответствий (полному фразеологическому эквиваленту, частичному фразеологическому эквиваленту, фразеологическому аналогу) можно отнести следующие устойчивые выражения. Выделите также те из них, которые не имеют идиоматических соответствий в русском языке: 

1.     fish begins to stink at the head – рыба тухнет с головы

2.     to have money to burn – денег- куры не клюют

3.     with fire and sword – огнем и мечом

4.     to feel like a fish out of water – чувствовать себя как рыба, вытащенная из воды

5.     hell and high water – тяжелые испытания

6.     a fly in the ointment – ложка дегтя в бочке меда

7.     new broom sweeps clean – новая метла чисто метет

8.     there is no bottom to it –  этому конца не видно

9.     at the bottom of one’s heart – в глубине души

10.      if the mountain  will not come to Mohammed, Mohammed must go to the mountain – если гора не идет к Магомеду, то Магомед идет к горе

11.      to make a mountain out of a molehill – делать из мухи слона

12.      straight from the horse’s mouth – из надежного источника

13.      to be at the end of one’s  rope – быть в безвыходном положении

14.      the face is the index of the heart (mind) – лицо- зеркало души

Упражнение 2.А.  Переведите следующие предложения, воспользовавшись полными эквивалентами для передачи фразеологических единиц:

1.     They were armed to teeth, ready for emergency.

2.     He liked her at first sight.

3.     He told lies about  Lillian behind her back.

4.     The report of a flood proved to be a false alarm.

5.     Don’t shed crocodile tears, I know you hated him when he was alive.

Б. С помощью частичных фразеологических эквивалентов переведите следующие предложения:

1.     The disaster came like a bolt from the blue.

2.     The brothers came to blows after a violent quarrel.

3.     Drop me a line when you arrive in San Diego.

4.     After a hot bath, the traveler felt like a new man.

5.     What is the matter with Joseph? Did he get out on the wrong side of the bed?

В. Используя фразеологические аналоги, переведите следующие предложения:

1.     He tried to kill two birds with one stone.

2.     Unfortunately - as he knows only too well – it never rains but it pours.

3.     He lies like a gas-meter. Don’t believe him.

4.     The little boys were swimming in their birthday-suits.

5.     I want to talk cold turkey to you.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на поиск идентичных или аналогичных фразеологизмов.

1.     He had to keep a sharp eye on his sister for the sake of her good.

2.     The woman obviously had the gift of second sight, whatever it might be.

3.     It was still not unheard of for an angry parent to cut off his son with a shilling.

4.     Oh, by the way, if you want a bath, take one. There isn’t a Peeping Tom on the place.

5.     If you haven’t been born under a lucky star you just have to work all the harder to get want you want.

Упражнение 4. Определите значение и источники происхождения выделенных фразеологических единиц. Переведите предложения на русский язык, подбирая соответствия выделенным фразеологизмам.

1.     This is a Trust Fund. Anything that it supports must be Caesar’s wife.

2.     She offered me a choice between French and Russian dressing, and I chose the latter, and she brought something red in a small saucer.

3.     Aunt Ursula knew Oswald well enough to be a little suspicious of his Greek gifts, but could not help being flattered by his attention.

4.     In short, gentlemen, I come to you bearing an olive branch.

5.     At last he would return, like a prodigal son, gloomy, worn out, and disgusted with himself.

Упражнение 5. Найдите английские соответствия следующим фразеологическим единицам. Объясните их значение и происхождение.

Почить на лаврах

Запретный плод

Биться как рыба об лед

Яблоко раздора

Испить горькую чашу страданий

Метать бисер перед свиньями

Вавилонское столпотворение

Упражнение 6: Найдите в АЯ соответствия или замены для следующих русских пословиц и прокомментируйте межъязыковые и межкультурные различия:

                    От горшка два вершка

                            Пройти огонь и воду и медные трубы

                            Держать в ежовых рукавицах

                            Мастер на все руки

                            Ходить на задних лапках

                            Жить как у Христа за пазухой

                            Откуда ни возьмись

                            Не могу взять в толк

                             Не вешай нос

                             Ищи ветра в поле

                             Через пень-колоду

                             Ума палата

                             Бить баклуши

                             Метать гром и молнии

                             Море по колено

                             Он звезд с неба не хватает

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

Беспалова, Н. П. Перевод и реферирование общественно-политических текстов. Английский язык. [Текст] : учебное пособие / Н. П. Беспалова. -  4-е изд., перераб. и испр. – М.: Изд-во РУН, 2004. — 126с.

Кузьменкова, Ю. Б. Tests, Texts and Topics for English Exams.[Текст] / Ю. Б. Кузьменкова. -  Обнинск: Титул, 2001. — 152с.

Клишин, А. И. Практика перевода английских текстов. [Текст] : пособие для всех / А. И. Клишин. – СПб.: Издательский дом «Андра», 2003. — 96с.

Петрова, О. В. Введение в теорию и практику перевода на материале англ. языка. [Текст] / О. В. Петрова. – М.: «Восток — Запад», 2006. — 96с.

Новицкая, Т. М., Кучин Н. Д. Практическая грамматика английского языка. [Текст] : учебное пособие / Т. М. Новицкая. — 4-е изд., испр. М.: Высш. Школа, 1979. — 412 с., ил.